The Earth's interior is composed of four layers, three solid and one liquid—not magma but molten metal, nearly as hot as the surface of the sun. The deepest layer is a solid iron ball, about ...

The Hidden Demand for Rare Earth Elements Rare earth elements (REEs) might sound like something out of a sci-fi novel, but ...

The layer acts as a skin for the Earth, protecting landscapes and reducing ... Biocrust, also called cryptobiotic soil, is a "community of tiny, dirt-dwelling organisms that form a distinct ...

Brown earth soils are widespread in Britain ... The original vegetation was deciduous forest, resulting in a layer of decaying leaves giving a rich humus. The deep roots of these trees reached ...

Soils are becoming severely degraded due to a combination of intensive farming practices and natural processes. As the layer of fertile topsoil thins, it gets increasingly difficult to grow crops ...