“Before the first stars exploded, there was no water in the Universe because there was no oxygen. Only very simple nuclei ...

Credits: Michael Hurley and Sampson Wilcox/Research Laboratory of Electronics When electrons move in special flat bands, they can interact to create new states. In a five-layer structure of graphene ...

The interactions between quarks within a proton and the quarks of other protons and neutrons in atomic nuclei are notoriously difficult to fully model. To bring some clarity to the problem ...

No chemical reaction or energy transfer process can take place without electrons, as they are responsible for forming and breaking chemical bonds. Therefore, to control and manipulate chemical ...

Institute of Materials Research, Center of Double Helix, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Layered ...

The Supporting Information is available free of charge at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jpca.4c07488.

This mixture was dominated by quarks – fundamental bits of matter – and by gluons, carriers of the strong force that normally “glue” quarks together into familiar protons and neutrons and other ...